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Genetics of German Shepherd Coat Colors
Concerning the GSD and German Shepherd coat colors, the breed standard of the SV said specifically: "The color of the GSD in itself not important and does not affect the character of the dog or its suitability for the job and should be a secondary to be consideration for that reason, the. final color of a puppy can only be ascertained when the outer layer has developed. "
Of all undesirable things to try to eliminate andkeep in a GSD (aka the Alsace), coat color should be at the bottom of the list. Good pigment should be asked, but many factors such as health and temperament, to name but a few, should be much more important than coat color which should always be subordinate to structure, gait, the nature and character and should never take precedence over the working ability of the dog. Eye color should be dark and nose pigment should be black as well.
Regarding the coat, the SV breed standard statesfollowing:. "The normal (stock) coated GSD should carry a thick undercoat and top coat should be as close as possible to close until the very difficult fitting hair made the hair is short on the head and ears, front of legs, feet and toes. On the neck it is longer and thicker, in some males forming slight ruff. The hair becomes longer to choke on the back of the legs as far down as the pastern and the germ, and forms fairly thick trousers on the hindquarters. There is no hard or fast rule forthe length of hair, but short-mole-type coats are faulty, "" No good dog is a bad color "-. Max von Stephanitz (breed founder of the dog) on coat color.
Ask just about any description of a German shepherd dog and they will almost always mention the "saddle Back" markings. It is also equally possible that the GSD is one color such as black (solid white is considered a conformation disqualification for showing by the AKC), or sable. Sable coats are slightlycharacterized by multi-colored individual hairs all over my body. Sable GSD can also be dark or black guard hairs are covered.
Alsatian coat color patterns of the following: black & tan, black and red, black and cream, solid black, solid white, (as a conformation disqualification), sable (also agouti or wolf gray, in various colors), Black & Silver , liver (rare - conformation fault) and blue (rare - conformation as aError).
Richer pigmentation is preferred, color wise. Although I will not delve into the science of genetics (you can do on your own if interested), just know that the liver color comes as the result of a concerted recessive black in the series and the blue color happens as the result of matched recessive in the dilution series.
Coat colors and inheritance in the GSD is very complex and is influenced by several rows of genes. The following is a brief description and summarythe various gene series in the GSD is responsible for the color based on information from "The German Shepherd Dog: A Genetic History" and "Practical Genetics for Dog Breeders", both by Malcolm Willis. Both books should be required reading for any serious fan, and more importantly be taken into consideration for the breeder. Another suggested resource is "The German Shepherd Today" by Winifred Strickland and James "Jimmy" Moses.
The agouti-SERIES
The basic body color of the GSD iscontrolled by the genes. The order of coat colors dominance is as follows: golden sable, black sable, saddle marked black and tan, bi-color * black and tan is (bi-color, where the dog is tan only on the legs and face, not on the body ), and black.
In addition, know that the black gene is recessive to all other colors in GSD. Solid black German Shepherds bred to solid blacks German Shepherds will only produce blacks. The sable colors are dominant over the other colors and patternsthe race.
THE BLACK SERIES
This gene controls the black pigment formation on the GSD, not the hair color. The German Shepherd coat colors order of dominance is exactly as follows: Black pigment including nose, eyelids and pads, Carrier for liver color, liver color - brown black colors, brown nose, eye rims and pads.
Note: most GSDs are considered black pigment including nose, eyelids and pads.
THE WHITE SERIES
White fur in the German Shepherd dogDog is recessive to all other colors. To receive a white coat color in the German Shepherd, both parents must the white gene (. Knows either itself or its carrier) The order of dominance is as follows: Melanin is produced. (Standard GSD colors have this); partial albinism (not visible); white fur with dark eyes and nose (not albino); Yellowish coat collar (proposed).
THE COLOR SERIES
This controls the intensity of the non-black color. The orderDominance is as follows: Lightest tan (cream); Intermediate tan (tan); Darkest tan (red).
The intensity of the color series determines whether GSD's with color (not all black or all white recessive) is black & cream, black & tan or black and red.
Coat Lengths in GSD
Short-coated German Shepherd's maintain a short coat that lies close to the body. These dogs usually have less undercoat.
"Plush" Coated GSD have a medium length coat witha thin, fluffy undercoat. These dogs have no feathers, as in the long coated GSD's.
Long coated German Shepherd is a lot more hair around the ears, on the backs of their legs, chest and tail (feathering) than other German Shepherd.
The dilution series
This determines how intense the black pigment will appear on your German Shepherd. The order of dominance is as follows: Dense pigment blue dilution.
Black pigment combined with blue dilutionproduce a blue coated German shepherd, who, as it would look like a dusty or flour sheen has.
THE MASK SERIES
This controls whether a mask will appear on your German Shepherd.The order of dominance as follows: a black mask on his face, dark coat, without a mask, Brindle (rare, will be seen as striping on the legs); tan clear.
All of these genes together determine your own German Shepherd's coat colors.
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A frequently asked question in my eye specialist eye care center is my prescription glasses all the time? I will often follow blind? The latter is a common misconception based on facts very easily. People lose sight and vision loss are suffering from degenerative myopia, or nearsightedness. There is a significant increase in the proportion of people in the retinal detachment to obtain short-sighted people. But even if this represents a significant increase,relatively speaking, it is extremely rare.
A very small proportion of the population have nothing to degenerative myopia. This is a pathological condition of the eye where it is increasingly worse at a rapid rate and caused a number of serious vision problems, including retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataract and degeneration of the retina that can lead to blindness. This condition is evident in adolescence and if you ask, you do not have it. Degenerative myopia has an incidence of 2%in the United States and is the seventh leading cause of blindness. It is more common in Chinese, Jews, Japanese and Arab peoples and women. In my patient population the incidence is much lower, probably less than 02%. It probably has defined some, such as the dependence of pathological myopia, if not sight-threatening or decreasing vision I do not categorize them as pathological myopia.
Progressive myopia is with some systemic diseases such as Marfan syndrome(Probably what Abraham Lincoln had), retinopathy of prematurity, Ehler's-Danlos syndrome and albinism. You would probably know if you had one of these conditions. The prescriptions in degenerative myopia are usually so high at an early age that they probably 5-10x worse than what you are experiencing. All that being said, if you change out your eyes? I personally believe all of the studies are outdated. Years ago, when a child reaches adolescence, the glassesRecipe stabilized. The times of rapid growth seemed fairly well correlated with body eye growth. The time for change has gradually expanded over time. First you have to define what means stable. For some it means a change of 4 steps, which is in optical terminology, a diopter. Previous studies have shown that myopia develops in about 20% of people aged 20 years, going back to school (or life-limited environments such as near U-boats). If you choose 3 Steps will change insteadof 4 then the figure rises to over 40%. Define it go than 2 steps or less in a year (0.50 diopter) and the numbers even higher.
The only thing that is indisputable today that blurred vision is an incentive for change in your glasses prescription. What is not clear (pardon the pun) is what that really means. In focus, focus on, blurred fluctuations in its concentration can all cause of vision. It can run for seconds or hours to the process. Current research shows it is not centrallyVision, but peripheral vision blurred, can cause visual changes. From the studies of changes in vision among older students, it is clear to me that genetic and environmental factors at work. Authors of some studies do not believe that the research shows an environmental factor, only the age of onset of myopia, I disagree. What I believe is our world is changing exponentially centered in a close environment (that is, we all live on the Internet, where are you now). This is not normalvisual environment and probably not the healthiest for your eyes (computer vision syndrome is on the rise). The alternative is quick to unemployment in our computer dependent work environments so it's really not an option. Maybe if you look at the computer for three hours, then you are looking for a seizure focus occurs for 30 seconds, and the blurred image caused to try and adjust your visual system (mainly for the right distance). This mismatch would myopia. Then again, one couldusually focus on close or too far (normal is a little behind the seen object). It's probably something else. The concentration on a flat plane when we intended to concentrate could in a 3D world, the eye go to press. The tear film layer of the eye is crucial for clear vision and dry eyes can cause blurred vision. Work on the computer caused a decrease of frequency and subsequent drying of the eye and the reduction of the tear film layer. A bad tear film like blurred visionDry Eye and possibly syndrome (DES).
No matter the result I think (with no real evidence back it up other than what I see from day to day and from year to year) is that very few people today fully stabilize at any age. Most show a very significant reduction of the changes in their twenties, especially when out of school. Many opticians obtain "stable" as wearing glasses correction changes 2 steps or less in a year. Some patients I see are better for no apparent reason. II asked all the questions about lifestyle, etc. and the only commonality is that I ever wear whatever they have found their full distance correction, not corrected, as some eye doctors believe can think is beneficial. Please note that only improve a small subset of people wearing their full RX year to year. The eye has a self-correcting mechanism called emmetropization in which I believe starts working again in some people at a later age, for unknown reasons built. If we do notstarted this process there really a lot of very, very thick glasses! I also see much less dramatic differences in prescription between the eyes when people wear their glasses full time. Sometimes people have the same prescription in both eyes and ask if it will remain so-probably not, but wearing the right lens prescription, they will keep much closer together. Statistically myopia takes a little in your 40's due to changes in the lens in the eye. Later in life,the lens changes back to develop as cataracts and start myopia increased. This is really nice for people to far-sighted, because they improve (at least for a while) are noted. People who are diabetic with poorly controlled blood sugar have prescription changes all over the board.
Last but not least, ask patients if they can do something to prevent their eyes from changing. The answer is: Maybe, maybe not or definitely yes in the future. A prescription medicine for the nextYears may slow changes in children's eyes. Orhtokeratology (including corneal shapes in some formats) may be slow to change, but this includes the wearing of rigid gas permeable lenses, and sometimes comfort issues. A soft contact lens that is less "elastic" slowly than other changes may. Aspheric soft contact lenses, some potential in my opinion, but there is no basis for that time that I'm aware of. A small study showed bifocal soft contact lenses may also have some effect, againMy guess is by an aspherical effect on the peripheral vision correction.
We always recommend a good ergonomics, if they provide only for the relief of eye pain it: Go away every 15 minutes or so too far back and then close and alternate 10 times no focusing to break cramps. Get every hour, even if you just walk around the computer, this highlights the physical and visual posture. Use anti-reflection coatings on your glasses prescription and have a separate computer lens prescription, whenIf you are presbyopic (have bifocals). A conserved artificial tears are 3-4x per day used when doing a lot of work in the vicinity could be helpful. Children who are esophoric (eyes that do not have this in turn, but the tendency to turn around) can benefit from a multi-focal prescription. I would think the same applies to adults but I'm again not aware of any research. It will probably change again at some point in the future. Dietary advice varies widely and is likely to eat an influence, a healthyDiet rich in fruits and vegetables and less sugar is about as far as I can say at this time. And rest assured, your chances of going blind, although your vision to change every year seems very, very small, and see your eye doctor every year for an eye examination with dilated pupils great care.
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